The Activation Information Mode Model

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• Dreams dealing with activation-information mode. Explain One.? Activation can also be measured by imaging brain regions (with blood flow as the measure), and behaviorally (with reaction time as the measure). Information source In order for the brain-mind to process external data the sensory input and motor output gates must be open (waking) and internal stimuli must be suppressed.

  Features of the Windows Process Activation Service (WAS). 7 minutes to read.In this articlebyThe Windows Process Activation Service (WAS) of IIS 7 is the key component that provides process model and configuration features to Web Applications and Web Services.

  WAS major task is to manage Application Pools. Application Pools are configuration containers that represent the hosting environment for groups of URLs.When an HTTP client requests a URL HTTP.SYS maps the request to an Application Pool request queue. A worker process for the Application Pool request queue is spawned by WAS and the worker process executes the code necessary to send a response. One of WAS\'s main tasks is to manage the worker processes it spawned, i.e. WAS monitors their health, recycles them if necessary and makes sure none of them consume more resources than specified in the corresponding AppPool configuration.

  WAS is also the arbiter and collector for run-time and state data, e.g. Performance counters, site and Application Pool state. Architectural DiagramProcess Model FeaturesSupporting 10000 or more web sites to be hosted on the same physical machine is a core requirement for today\'s mass hosting environments. The code running on these web-sites is usually not well tested, if at all. To support these requirements WAS needs to provide a powerful process model and efficient resource management. Efficient Resource Management On-Demand ActivationResources like RAM and CPU are scarce in multi-tenant scenarios. WAS will start an IIS worker process only once requests for a particular web site or web application arrive.

  Idle-timeoutBecause resources are usually scarce WAS can shutdown web applications based on a configurable idle-timeout. Health MonitoringTo ensure their health WAS monitors the worker processes it spawned. Health messages are periodically sent to each running worker process.

  If the worker process doesn\'t respond in a configurable time interval the worker process will be recycled or killed. This way undetected deadlocks in worker processes get automatically fixed by restarting the worker process. Startup LimitPart of the Rapid-Fail Protection feature is the Startup limit. If a worker process doesn\'t report back to WAS within the configurable startup-limit it will be killed and the Rapid-Fail-Protection counter is incremented. Application Pools are stopped, i.e. Restarting the worker process will not be tried anymore, if the Rapid-Fail-Protection counter reaches a configurable limit within a configurable time limit.

  This prevents scenarios where worker processes hang or crash during startup. Shutdown LimitA worker process also has to shutdown in a configurable limit. Umax astra 3600 uap scanner drivers for mac windows 7. If the shutdown doesn\'t happen in this time the worker process gets killed by WAS.

  This prevents resource overuse due to processes hanging in their shut-down phase. Additional shutdown settings allow an executable to be started (e.g.

  A debugger) when the shutdown doesn\'t complete within the allotted time. CPU affinityConfiguration settings allow WAS to start worker processes that are affinitized to one or more CPUs. This prevents tenants from interfering with each other if they share the same physical machine. User ProfileWAS can start worker processes with or without loading the user profile. Security Application Pool IdentityIIS worker processes can run as a custom account, built-in account (LocalService, LocalSystem, NetworkService), or application pool identity (default).

  Using application pool identity is recommended because it does not require password management and application pool identities already abide to the principle of least privilege. Built-in accounts don\'t require password management as well. If a custom user identity is used, the password is automatically encrypted. Configuration settings can be replicated to multiple machines by sharing the configuration encryption keys across machines.

  Job Object FeaturesJob objects allow administrators to restrict worker processes to a particular CPU limit. A configurable action is taken if this CPU limit is exceeded. Job objects will also make sure that processes spawned by the worker process get terminated.

  Configuration Isolation and SecurityBefore WAS starts an Application Pool and its worker process it generates a unique configuration file for this Application Pool. Application Pools also have configuration settings to run Application Pools under unique identities.

  Isolation can be achieved however even if the same identity is used. WAS creates a unique Security Identifier (SID) for each Application Pool. The Application Pool configuration file is then secured with this unique SID. This ensures that Application Pool configuration files can only be read by Administrators and the Application Pool itself. Even file permissions can be configured using this unique SID.

  Diagnostics and Monitoring Event LoggingEvents regarding invalid configuration, recycling, startup or shutdown of worker processes are reported to the System Eventlog. Currently Executing RequestsWAS exposes a run-time and state control interface that allows scripts and tools to query for the currently executing requests of a particular worker process. This is useful to find requests that hang or requests that take a very long time to complete. Performance CountersAll IIS performance counters get funneled through WAS. WAS gathers these performance counters because IIS counters are site-based and web applications can live in different Application Pools.

  RecyclingRecycling allows the refresh of worker processes without losing a single request due to down-time. This is done via a feature called \'overlapping recycling\'. Overlapping RecyclingWAS does this by spawning up a new worker process parallel to the old one that is still handling requests. Once the new worker process is up it starts picking up requests from the request queue while the old worker process is instructed by WAS to stop picking up requests. Once the old worker process finishes all executing requests it shuts down.

  This feature is called \'overlapping recycling\'. It ensures that no requests are lost during a recycle. Recycling ConfigurationRecycling parameters are configurable in the IIS configuration system. Scheduled RecyclingCustomers might want to recycle their applications based on a regular schedule. Via configuration settings recycling can be scheduled periodically, e.g. Every 4 hours, every day at 1am etc. Recycling based on Memory ConsumptionApplications might leak memory over time.

  WAS can monitor the memory consumption of each worker processes to ensure that no worker process uses more than its preconfigured limit. Reaching a configured virtual or private memory threshold will trigger the recycling of a worker process.

  Recycling Based on Number of RequestsRecycling can also be configured based on the number of requests a particular worker process handled. Custom RecyclingCustom code can custom health statistics and trigger a recycling via an API call to the WAS run-time and state API\'s. Process OrphaningSome errors only happen in a production environment. Killing worker processes ensures up-time but troubleshooting of these errors becomes difficult, e.g. If the failing worker process needs to be debugged. The process orphaning feature in WAS allows worker processes to be recycled without killing the failed worker process. Now a debugger can be attached to it.

  Additional process orphaning settings allow the execution of a process (e.g. A debugger) if orphaning happens. Application Pool State ManagementApplication Pools can be stopped, recycled or started via publicly available API\'s, e.g. If an application has to be taken offline or if recycling has to be done based on parameters different from what\'s configurable in the applicationhost.config file. Additional WAS Features Load-Balancer FeaturesHTTP.SYS still listens on the network and will return a 500 HTTP error message if requests are not picked up by an Application Pool. This is a problem because for a Level 5 Load Balancers (TCP/IP) a 500 HTTP error looks like a valid TCP/IP connection.

  A WAS configuration setting can enable HTTP.SYS to reject connections instead of sending HTTP responses.WAS can be configured to start worker processes with the following settings: WoW64 SupportWAS can start 32-Bit or 64-Bit worker processes.NET Framework PreloadWAS can be configured to preload a particular version of the.NET Framework. This can make the troubleshooting of version conflicts much easier.

  

  Web GardensA Web Garden is the term for an Application Pool that runs with multiple worker processes. Requests get distributed among these worker process instances using a round-robin mechanism. WAS Multi Protocol SupportWAS doesn\'t only host the HTTP stack. It can also host other protocols via its Listen Adapter and Worker Process Framework. WCF services take advantage of the WAS Multi-Protocol support.

  WCF protocols come with their own Listeners (e.g. The NET.TCP, NET.MSMQ or NET.PIPE Listener). These Listeners connect to WAS using the Listener Adapter Interfaces WAS provides.Application protocols that take advantage of this infrastructure can host custom application code in the same.NET Application Domain as regular ASP.NET applications. They can also take advantage of the protocol-independent services the ASP.NET Hosting Environment provides, for example on-demand compilation, configuration support etc. Related Articles.

  The activation-synthesis hypothesis, proposed by Harvard UniversitypsychiatristsJohn Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley, is a neurobiological theory of dreams first published in the American Journal of Psychiatry in December 1977. The differences in neuronal activity of the brainstem during waking and REM sleep were observed, and the hypothesis proposes that dreams result from brain activation during REM sleep.^[1] Since then, the hypothesis has undergone an evolution as technology and experimental equipment has become more precise. Currently, a three-dimensional model called AIM Model, described below, is used to determine the different states of the brain over the course of the day and night. The AIM Model introduces a new hypothesis that primary consciousness is an important building block on which secondary consciousness is constructed.^[1]

  Introduction[edit]

  With the advancement of brain imaging technology, the sleep-waking cycle can be studied as never before. The brain can be objectively quantified and identified as being in either one of three states: awake, REM sleep, and NREM sleep due to these advanced methods of measurement. It has been shown that global deactivation of the brain from waking state to NREM sleep occurs, and a subsequent reactivation during REM sleep, to a degree greater than during waking.^[1]Consciousness and its substates, primary consciousness and secondary consciousness, play a part in identifying the state of the brain. Primary consciousness is the simple awareness of perception and emotion; that is, the awareness of the world via advanced visual and motor coordination information your brain receives.^[1] Secondary consciousness is an advanced state that includes both primary consciousness and abstract analysis, or thinking, and metacognitive components, or the awareness of being aware.^[1] Most animals show some stages of primary consciousness, but only humans have been experimentally shown to experience secondary consciousness. The cycle of waking-NREM-REM sleep is essential to mental health of mammals. It has been shown through experimentation that animals subjected to inability to enter REM sleep show an immediate attempt to quickly enter REM stages and long-term effects on motor coordination and habitual motor habits, eventually leading to the death of the animal. It has also been shown that homeothermic animals might require sleep to maintain body weight and temperature.

  Background[edit]

  Waking[edit]

  The waking consciousness is the awareness of the world, our bodies, and ourselves.^[1] This includes humans experiencing the awareness of being aware of ourselves, an intrinsic ability to humans. It\'s the ability to look in a mirror and know that you are looking at yourself, and not just another human being. Being awake allows the distinction between tasks and default brain states, and also distinguishes between background and foreground processing.^[2] Being awake allows the person to not only be aware of themselves and the world, but also to have conscious motor coordination and understand the difference between need and want that comes from secondary consciousness.

  Difference between sleep and dream[edit]

  There is a difference between being just asleep and in a state of mind called dreaming. Sleeping can be described as the lack of conscious awareness of the outside world, meaning large portions of the brain that receive and interpret signals are deactivated during this time, while dreaming is a specific state of sleep in which enhanced brain activity has been shown to occur,^[1] theorizing the primary consciousness could be active during dreaming. Indeed, during dreams we are consciously aware of our surroundings, and assuredly have a certain perception and emotion throughout the course of the dream, suggesting that at least part of the primary consciousness is activated during the dream.

  Dream[edit]

  A dream has all features of primary consciousness but is produced in the brain without external stimulation. Unlike the waking state, the brain cannot recognize its own condition; that it is in the midst of the dream and is not the same as the real world.^[1] The brain has a single-minded state of primary consciousness during dreaming, which allows the brain to reach greater perception and awareness of a single scenario out of images and dreams.^[1] This is called the dream consciousness.

  Four stages of sleep[edit]

  The four sleep stages have been identified as follows: sleep onset stage I, late-night stage II, and deep sleep stages III and IV. Deep sleep stages III and IV all occur during the first half of the night, while lighter stages I and II occur during the later half. During standard sleep laboratory measurements, the states of sleep and waking have behavioral, polygraphic, and psychological manifestation within the pontine brainstem. These states are regulated by a reciprocal relationship between two types of neuronal cells, aminergic inhibitory cells such as serotonin and norepinephrine and cholinergic excitatory cells such as acetylcholine. Changes in the sleep stages occur when the activity curves of these neurons cross. REM sleep stage I is a state of sleep just above and most closely linked to sleep onset stage I.

  NREM[edit]

  NREM sleep can be described as the stages of sleep that show greatly decreased brain activity. There are four different stages of NREM sleep. The brain shows dulled or limited senses of perception, though the thought process has been shown to be logical and perseverative.^[1] Episodic movements of the body occur during these stages, though they are involuntary movements.

  REM[edit]

  REM sleep is an evolutionarily recent behavior of humans.^[3] REM stands for rapid eye movement. It is the deepest sleep a mammal can go into.^[3] It is regulated by the pontine brainstem. Infants spend most of their time in REM sleep, and rather than enter stage 1 sleep they go directly to REM sleep. Most REM sleep occurs just above stage I of sleep, and experiences different mental abilities than during NREM sleep. The thought process is non-logical and often bizarre, sensation and perception is vivid but created internally by the brain, and the body\'s movements are inhibited.^[1] Most REM stages last 10–15 minutes, and the average human will go through 4–6 of these stages during sleep each night. Subsequent REM stages increase in duration, so the last REM stage before awakening is the longest and most vivid. During REM sleep the brain shows increased states of minimal inhibition, which degrades in our ability to recognize the state for which it is; a dream.^[1] It has been proposed that REM sleep is necessary for preparation of many integrative functions, of which one is consciousness.^[1] It supports the idea that sleep, and dreaming, is necessary preparation for the next day\'s processes. The scientific tracking of REM sleep stages can be measured by neuronal signals within the pontine brainstem. The interactions of aminergic inhibitory neurons and cholinergic excitatory neurons can be measured, and REM sleep occurs when aminergic cells are at their least active and cholinergic cells are at their most active.^[1]

  Evolution of REM[edit]

  It has been stated that REM sleep is a recent evolutionary behavior in homeothermic animals. In both, there is increased REM sleep in the early stages of life. In humans, REM sleep peaks during the third trimester of gestation, and quickly falls after birth as primary consciousness declines and secondary consciousness grows with the development of the brain.^[1] The developing control over stages of sleep and waking suggests that sleep and REM has developed as a way to self-activate in order to anticipate awake-state circumstances.

  Neuronic modeling[edit]

  Within the pons, the modeling and tracking of these aminergic inhibitory neurons and cholinergic excitatory neurons occurs via the study of PGO waves.^[4]

  Theory[edit]

  The development of consciousness is a gradual, time-consuming and lifelong process that builds upon and uses a more primitive virtual reality generator that is more definable in our dreams.^[1] As such, the development of secondary consciousness during the lifetime requires a blank consciousness that during REM sleep creates an imaginary self that has movements and experiences emotions.^[1] This is an experimental state not associated with awareness, and this state, or protoconscious, is able to be reached during childhood. This protoconsciousness is a protoself created early in life by the brain as a building block for consciousness to develop, and provides intrinsic predictions of external inputs created by dreaming.

  Original activation-synthesis hypothesis model[edit]

  Hobson and McCarley originally proposed in the 1970s that the differences in the waking-NREM-REM sleep cycle was the result of interactions between aminergic REM-off cells and cholinergic REM-on cells.^[5] This was perceived as the activation-synthesis model, stating that brain activation during REM sleep results in synthesis of dream creation.^[1] Hobson\'s five cardinal characteristics include: intense emotions, illogical content, apparent sensory impressions, uncritical acceptance of dream events, and difficulty in being remembered.^[6]

  Current model – AIM[edit]

  Thanks to the development of technology since the original proposal, new experimental data has been collected and additional mechanistic details of neuronal control have been developed. It has been determined that consciousness states can be described with three values, and the AIM model is a model that uses these values for representing the similarities and differences between waking and dreaming. It is a three-dimensional state-space model that describes different states of the brain and their variance throughout the day and night. It is composed of three different values: A – activation, I – input-output gating, and M – modulation. The model is limited however, in that it cannot yet explain the regional differences in brain activity that distinguish REM sleep from waking. Other limitations include the inability to quantifiably identify and measure M in humans. During waking and activation of primary and secondary consciousnesses, high values of A, I, and M have been observed, but during REM sleep high values of A but low I and M have been observed.^[1]

  Protoconsciousness[edit]

  The protoconsciousness is template of consciousness that occurs during sleep, and on which can be constructed other mental conscious processes. Early in childhood, it has been said that this protoconsciousness is where secondary aspects of consciousness are originally developed and tested by the primary consciousness, and the person can slowly develop increased secondary consciousness throughout their life as their protoconscious template is further expanded, developed, and creates more vivid ideas and representations of secondary consciousness.

  Activation (A)[edit]

  Large parts of the brain that are activated and sending signals during waking are inactive during NREM sleep and become reactivated during REM sleep. It is based on the fact that the brain and its neural circuitry is plastic and self-regulating, especially in its own activation and inactivation. This was observed by two experiments: development of sleepiness after dopamine neuron destruction in substantia nigra in the midbrain, and discovery of the reticular activating system, which are visual cues received through our eyes and to our brain that begin the waking process, that waking consciousness depends sleep.^[7][8] Following these studies, it became clear that activity levels and quality of consciousness were functions of brain activation and deactivation.^[1]

  Input-output gating (I)[edit]

  It has been shown that the internal activation of the brain is associated with the inhibition of both external sensory input and motor output.^[1] This implies that the brain is actively kept offline during REM, and the brainstem guarantees the coordination of factors I and A via the input-output gate control within the brainstem.^[9] PGO waves play a part in the ability of the brain to remain asleep while constituting the building blocks for perception and fine motor control via their phasic coordination.^[10] It has therefore been proposed that PGO signals are used in the construction of visual imagery of dreams.^[11]

  Modulation (M)[edit]

  The neuromodulator release of aminergic neurons have a broad chemical influence on the brain; they instruct other neurons to keep or discard a record of information they\'ve processed.^[12] The mechanics of modulation are not known at this time, and modulation has yet to be quantitatively identified. Qualitatively, aminergic modulation has been shown to be strong during waking but lower during sleep, but more studies need to be conducted. Numerous studies have emerged from the discipline of computational neuroscience that support to the AIM model. The theory of Metalearning in particular describes how these neuromodulators facilitate dynamic learning,^[13] though a series of interpretive models all consistent with the AIM model.

  Implications[edit]

  The three-dimensional AIM model shows that during the cycle of brain states waking-NREM-REM, the brain is dynamically changing constantly, and that this state space described by the AIM has an infinite number of subregions other than the main three.^[14] It proposes that via a protoconsciousness brain activation during sleep is necessary for the development and maintenance of waking consciousness and other higher-order brain functions such as problem solving. It suggests the possibility that the state of waking consciousness is only present in humans due to the evolution of extensive cortical structures within the brain.^[1] Dreaming is a state of the brain that is similar to yet different from the waking consciousness, and interaction and correlation between the two is necessary for optimal performance from both. One study conducted measuring brain activity via EEG used Hobson\'s AIM model to show that quantitatively dream consciousness is remarkably similar to waking consciousness.^[15]

  References[edit]

  1. ^ ^{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuv}Hobson, J. Allan (2010). \'REM sleep and dreaming: Towards a theory of protoconsciousness\'. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 10 (11): 803–13. doi:10.1038/nrn2716. PMID19794431.
  2. ^Singer, Jerome L.; Antrobus, JS (1965). \'Eye Movements During Fantasies: Imagining and Suppressing Fantasies\'. Archives of General Psychiatry. 12: 71–6. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01720310073009. PMID14221693.
  3. ^ ^abAllison, T.; Van Twyer, H. (1970). \'The evolution of Sleep\'. Natural History. 79: 56–65.
  4. ^Gott, Jarrod A.; Liley, David T. J.; Hobson, J. Allan (2017). \'Towards a Functional Understanding of PGO Waves\'. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 11. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00089. PMC5334507.
  5. ^McCarley, R.; Hobson, J. (1975). \'Neuronal excitability modulation over the sleep cycle: A structural and mathematical model\'. Science. 189 (4196): 58–60. Bibcode:1975Sci..189..58M. doi:10.1126/science.1135627. PMID1135627.
  6. ^Baruss, Imants (2003). Alterations of Consciousness. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. p. 80.
  7. ^von Economo, C. (1930). \'Sleep as a problem of localization\'. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease. 71 (3): 249–59. doi:10.1097/00005053-193003000-00001.
  8. ^Moruzzi, G.; Magoun, H.W. (1949). \'Brain stem reticular formation and activation of the EEG\'. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 1 (4): 455–73. doi:10.1016/0013-4694(49)90219-9. PMID18421835.
  9. ^Pompeiano, O (1967). \'The neurophysiological mechanisms of the postrual and motor events during desynchronized sleep\'. In Kety, Seymour S; Evarts, Edward V; Williams, Harold L (eds.). Sleep and altered states of consciousness. Research Publications - Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease. 45. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins. pp. 351–423. OCLC152543313. PMID4867152.
  10. ^Hobson, J. Allan; Pace-Schott, Edward F.; Stickgold, Robert (2000). \'Dreaming and the brain: Toward a cognitive neuroscience of conscious states\'. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 23 (6): 793–842, discussion 904–1121. doi:10.1017/S0140525X00003976. PMID11515143.
  11. ^Hobson, J. Allan; McCarley, Robert W. (1977). \'The Brain as A Dream State Generator: An Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis of the Dream Process\'. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 134 (12): 1335–48. doi:10.1176/ajp.134.12.1335. PMID21570.
  12. ^Cooper, J.R.; Bloom, F.E.; Roth, R.H. (1996). The biochemical basis of Neuropharmacology (7th ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.^{[page needed]}
  13. ^Doya, K. (2002). \'Metalearning and neuromodulation\'. Neural Networks. 15 (4–6): 495–506. doi:10.1016/S0893-6080(02)00044-8.
  14. ^Voss, U; Holzmann, R; Tuin, I; Hobson, JA (2009). \'Lucid dreaming: A state of consciousness with features of both waking and non-lucid dreaming\'. Sleep. 32 (9): 1191–200. doi:10.1093/sleep/32.9.1191. PMC2737577. PMID19750924.
  15. ^Nir, Yuval; Tononi, Giulio (2010). \'Dreaming and the brain: From phenomenology to neurophysiology\'. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 14 (2): 88–100. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.12.001. PMC2814941. PMID20079677.
  Retrieved from \'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Activation-synthesis_hypothesis&oldid=907559977\'
  ...'>The Activation Information Mode Model(22.05.2020)

• Dreams dealing with activation-information mode. Explain One.? Activation can also be measured by imaging brain regions (with blood flow as the measure), and behaviorally (with reaction time as the measure). Information source In order for the brain-mind to process external data the sensory input and motor output gates must be open (waking) and internal stimuli must be suppressed.

  Features of the Windows Process Activation Service (WAS). 7 minutes to read.In this articlebyThe Windows Process Activation Service (WAS) of IIS 7 is the key component that provides process model and configuration features to Web Applications and Web Services.

  WAS major task is to manage Application Pools. Application Pools are configuration containers that represent the hosting environment for groups of URLs.When an HTTP client requests a URL HTTP.SYS maps the request to an Application Pool request queue. A worker process for the Application Pool request queue is spawned by WAS and the worker process executes the code necessary to send a response. One of WAS\'s main tasks is to manage the worker processes it spawned, i.e. WAS monitors their health, recycles them if necessary and makes sure none of them consume more resources than specified in the corresponding AppPool configuration.

  WAS is also the arbiter and collector for run-time and state data, e.g. Performance counters, site and Application Pool state. Architectural DiagramProcess Model FeaturesSupporting 10000 or more web sites to be hosted on the same physical machine is a core requirement for today\'s mass hosting environments. The code running on these web-sites is usually not well tested, if at all. To support these requirements WAS needs to provide a powerful process model and efficient resource management. Efficient Resource Management On-Demand ActivationResources like RAM and CPU are scarce in multi-tenant scenarios. WAS will start an IIS worker process only once requests for a particular web site or web application arrive.

  Idle-timeoutBecause resources are usually scarce WAS can shutdown web applications based on a configurable idle-timeout. Health MonitoringTo ensure their health WAS monitors the worker processes it spawned. Health messages are periodically sent to each running worker process.

  If the worker process doesn\'t respond in a configurable time interval the worker process will be recycled or killed. This way undetected deadlocks in worker processes get automatically fixed by restarting the worker process. Startup LimitPart of the Rapid-Fail Protection feature is the Startup limit. If a worker process doesn\'t report back to WAS within the configurable startup-limit it will be killed and the Rapid-Fail-Protection counter is incremented. Application Pools are stopped, i.e. Restarting the worker process will not be tried anymore, if the Rapid-Fail-Protection counter reaches a configurable limit within a configurable time limit.

  This prevents scenarios where worker processes hang or crash during startup. Shutdown LimitA worker process also has to shutdown in a configurable limit. Umax astra 3600 uap scanner drivers for mac windows 7. If the shutdown doesn\'t happen in this time the worker process gets killed by WAS.

  This prevents resource overuse due to processes hanging in their shut-down phase. Additional shutdown settings allow an executable to be started (e.g.

  A debugger) when the shutdown doesn\'t complete within the allotted time. CPU affinityConfiguration settings allow WAS to start worker processes that are affinitized to one or more CPUs. This prevents tenants from interfering with each other if they share the same physical machine. User ProfileWAS can start worker processes with or without loading the user profile. Security Application Pool IdentityIIS worker processes can run as a custom account, built-in account (LocalService, LocalSystem, NetworkService), or application pool identity (default).

  Using application pool identity is recommended because it does not require password management and application pool identities already abide to the principle of least privilege. Built-in accounts don\'t require password management as well. If a custom user identity is used, the password is automatically encrypted. Configuration settings can be replicated to multiple machines by sharing the configuration encryption keys across machines.

  Job Object FeaturesJob objects allow administrators to restrict worker processes to a particular CPU limit. A configurable action is taken if this CPU limit is exceeded. Job objects will also make sure that processes spawned by the worker process get terminated.

  Configuration Isolation and SecurityBefore WAS starts an Application Pool and its worker process it generates a unique configuration file for this Application Pool. Application Pools also have configuration settings to run Application Pools under unique identities.

  Isolation can be achieved however even if the same identity is used. WAS creates a unique Security Identifier (SID) for each Application Pool. The Application Pool configuration file is then secured with this unique SID. This ensures that Application Pool configuration files can only be read by Administrators and the Application Pool itself. Even file permissions can be configured using this unique SID.

  Diagnostics and Monitoring Event LoggingEvents regarding invalid configuration, recycling, startup or shutdown of worker processes are reported to the System Eventlog. Currently Executing RequestsWAS exposes a run-time and state control interface that allows scripts and tools to query for the currently executing requests of a particular worker process. This is useful to find requests that hang or requests that take a very long time to complete. Performance CountersAll IIS performance counters get funneled through WAS. WAS gathers these performance counters because IIS counters are site-based and web applications can live in different Application Pools.

  RecyclingRecycling allows the refresh of worker processes without losing a single request due to down-time. This is done via a feature called \'overlapping recycling\'. Overlapping RecyclingWAS does this by spawning up a new worker process parallel to the old one that is still handling requests. Once the new worker process is up it starts picking up requests from the request queue while the old worker process is instructed by WAS to stop picking up requests. Once the old worker process finishes all executing requests it shuts down.

  This feature is called \'overlapping recycling\'. It ensures that no requests are lost during a recycle. Recycling ConfigurationRecycling parameters are configurable in the IIS configuration system. Scheduled RecyclingCustomers might want to recycle their applications based on a regular schedule. Via configuration settings recycling can be scheduled periodically, e.g. Every 4 hours, every day at 1am etc. Recycling based on Memory ConsumptionApplications might leak memory over time.

  WAS can monitor the memory consumption of each worker processes to ensure that no worker process uses more than its preconfigured limit. Reaching a configured virtual or private memory threshold will trigger the recycling of a worker process.

  Recycling Based on Number of RequestsRecycling can also be configured based on the number of requests a particular worker process handled. Custom RecyclingCustom code can custom health statistics and trigger a recycling via an API call to the WAS run-time and state API\'s. Process OrphaningSome errors only happen in a production environment. Killing worker processes ensures up-time but troubleshooting of these errors becomes difficult, e.g. If the failing worker process needs to be debugged. The process orphaning feature in WAS allows worker processes to be recycled without killing the failed worker process. Now a debugger can be attached to it.

  Additional process orphaning settings allow the execution of a process (e.g. A debugger) if orphaning happens. Application Pool State ManagementApplication Pools can be stopped, recycled or started via publicly available API\'s, e.g. If an application has to be taken offline or if recycling has to be done based on parameters different from what\'s configurable in the applicationhost.config file. Additional WAS Features Load-Balancer FeaturesHTTP.SYS still listens on the network and will return a 500 HTTP error message if requests are not picked up by an Application Pool. This is a problem because for a Level 5 Load Balancers (TCP/IP) a 500 HTTP error looks like a valid TCP/IP connection.

  A WAS configuration setting can enable HTTP.SYS to reject connections instead of sending HTTP responses.WAS can be configured to start worker processes with the following settings: WoW64 SupportWAS can start 32-Bit or 64-Bit worker processes.NET Framework PreloadWAS can be configured to preload a particular version of the.NET Framework. This can make the troubleshooting of version conflicts much easier.

  

  Web GardensA Web Garden is the term for an Application Pool that runs with multiple worker processes. Requests get distributed among these worker process instances using a round-robin mechanism. WAS Multi Protocol SupportWAS doesn\'t only host the HTTP stack. It can also host other protocols via its Listen Adapter and Worker Process Framework. WCF services take advantage of the WAS Multi-Protocol support.

  WCF protocols come with their own Listeners (e.g. The NET.TCP, NET.MSMQ or NET.PIPE Listener). These Listeners connect to WAS using the Listener Adapter Interfaces WAS provides.Application protocols that take advantage of this infrastructure can host custom application code in the same.NET Application Domain as regular ASP.NET applications. They can also take advantage of the protocol-independent services the ASP.NET Hosting Environment provides, for example on-demand compilation, configuration support etc. Related Articles.

  The activation-synthesis hypothesis, proposed by Harvard UniversitypsychiatristsJohn Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley, is a neurobiological theory of dreams first published in the American Journal of Psychiatry in December 1977. The differences in neuronal activity of the brainstem during waking and REM sleep were observed, and the hypothesis proposes that dreams result from brain activation during REM sleep.^[1] Since then, the hypothesis has undergone an evolution as technology and experimental equipment has become more precise. Currently, a three-dimensional model called AIM Model, described below, is used to determine the different states of the brain over the course of the day and night. The AIM Model introduces a new hypothesis that primary consciousness is an important building block on which secondary consciousness is constructed.^[1]

  Introduction[edit]

  With the advancement of brain imaging technology, the sleep-waking cycle can be studied as never before. The brain can be objectively quantified and identified as being in either one of three states: awake, REM sleep, and NREM sleep due to these advanced methods of measurement. It has been shown that global deactivation of the brain from waking state to NREM sleep occurs, and a subsequent reactivation during REM sleep, to a degree greater than during waking.^[1]Consciousness and its substates, primary consciousness and secondary consciousness, play a part in identifying the state of the brain. Primary consciousness is the simple awareness of perception and emotion; that is, the awareness of the world via advanced visual and motor coordination information your brain receives.^[1] Secondary consciousness is an advanced state that includes both primary consciousness and abstract analysis, or thinking, and metacognitive components, or the awareness of being aware.^[1] Most animals show some stages of primary consciousness, but only humans have been experimentally shown to experience secondary consciousness. The cycle of waking-NREM-REM sleep is essential to mental health of mammals. It has been shown through experimentation that animals subjected to inability to enter REM sleep show an immediate attempt to quickly enter REM stages and long-term effects on motor coordination and habitual motor habits, eventually leading to the death of the animal. It has also been shown that homeothermic animals might require sleep to maintain body weight and temperature.

  Background[edit]

  Waking[edit]

  The waking consciousness is the awareness of the world, our bodies, and ourselves.^[1] This includes humans experiencing the awareness of being aware of ourselves, an intrinsic ability to humans. It\'s the ability to look in a mirror and know that you are looking at yourself, and not just another human being. Being awake allows the distinction between tasks and default brain states, and also distinguishes between background and foreground processing.^[2] Being awake allows the person to not only be aware of themselves and the world, but also to have conscious motor coordination and understand the difference between need and want that comes from secondary consciousness.

  Difference between sleep and dream[edit]

  There is a difference between being just asleep and in a state of mind called dreaming. Sleeping can be described as the lack of conscious awareness of the outside world, meaning large portions of the brain that receive and interpret signals are deactivated during this time, while dreaming is a specific state of sleep in which enhanced brain activity has been shown to occur,^[1] theorizing the primary consciousness could be active during dreaming. Indeed, during dreams we are consciously aware of our surroundings, and assuredly have a certain perception and emotion throughout the course of the dream, suggesting that at least part of the primary consciousness is activated during the dream.

  Dream[edit]

  A dream has all features of primary consciousness but is produced in the brain without external stimulation. Unlike the waking state, the brain cannot recognize its own condition; that it is in the midst of the dream and is not the same as the real world.^[1] The brain has a single-minded state of primary consciousness during dreaming, which allows the brain to reach greater perception and awareness of a single scenario out of images and dreams.^[1] This is called the dream consciousness.

  Four stages of sleep[edit]

  The four sleep stages have been identified as follows: sleep onset stage I, late-night stage II, and deep sleep stages III and IV. Deep sleep stages III and IV all occur during the first half of the night, while lighter stages I and II occur during the later half. During standard sleep laboratory measurements, the states of sleep and waking have behavioral, polygraphic, and psychological manifestation within the pontine brainstem. These states are regulated by a reciprocal relationship between two types of neuronal cells, aminergic inhibitory cells such as serotonin and norepinephrine and cholinergic excitatory cells such as acetylcholine. Changes in the sleep stages occur when the activity curves of these neurons cross. REM sleep stage I is a state of sleep just above and most closely linked to sleep onset stage I.

  NREM[edit]

  NREM sleep can be described as the stages of sleep that show greatly decreased brain activity. There are four different stages of NREM sleep. The brain shows dulled or limited senses of perception, though the thought process has been shown to be logical and perseverative.^[1] Episodic movements of the body occur during these stages, though they are involuntary movements.

  REM[edit]

  REM sleep is an evolutionarily recent behavior of humans.^[3] REM stands for rapid eye movement. It is the deepest sleep a mammal can go into.^[3] It is regulated by the pontine brainstem. Infants spend most of their time in REM sleep, and rather than enter stage 1 sleep they go directly to REM sleep. Most REM sleep occurs just above stage I of sleep, and experiences different mental abilities than during NREM sleep. The thought process is non-logical and often bizarre, sensation and perception is vivid but created internally by the brain, and the body\'s movements are inhibited.^[1] Most REM stages last 10–15 minutes, and the average human will go through 4–6 of these stages during sleep each night. Subsequent REM stages increase in duration, so the last REM stage before awakening is the longest and most vivid. During REM sleep the brain shows increased states of minimal inhibition, which degrades in our ability to recognize the state for which it is; a dream.^[1] It has been proposed that REM sleep is necessary for preparation of many integrative functions, of which one is consciousness.^[1] It supports the idea that sleep, and dreaming, is necessary preparation for the next day\'s processes. The scientific tracking of REM sleep stages can be measured by neuronal signals within the pontine brainstem. The interactions of aminergic inhibitory neurons and cholinergic excitatory neurons can be measured, and REM sleep occurs when aminergic cells are at their least active and cholinergic cells are at their most active.^[1]

  Evolution of REM[edit]

  It has been stated that REM sleep is a recent evolutionary behavior in homeothermic animals. In both, there is increased REM sleep in the early stages of life. In humans, REM sleep peaks during the third trimester of gestation, and quickly falls after birth as primary consciousness declines and secondary consciousness grows with the development of the brain.^[1] The developing control over stages of sleep and waking suggests that sleep and REM has developed as a way to self-activate in order to anticipate awake-state circumstances.

  Neuronic modeling[edit]

  Within the pons, the modeling and tracking of these aminergic inhibitory neurons and cholinergic excitatory neurons occurs via the study of PGO waves.^[4]

  Theory[edit]

  The development of consciousness is a gradual, time-consuming and lifelong process that builds upon and uses a more primitive virtual reality generator that is more definable in our dreams.^[1] As such, the development of secondary consciousness during the lifetime requires a blank consciousness that during REM sleep creates an imaginary self that has movements and experiences emotions.^[1] This is an experimental state not associated with awareness, and this state, or protoconscious, is able to be reached during childhood. This protoconsciousness is a protoself created early in life by the brain as a building block for consciousness to develop, and provides intrinsic predictions of external inputs created by dreaming.

  Original activation-synthesis hypothesis model[edit]

  Hobson and McCarley originally proposed in the 1970s that the differences in the waking-NREM-REM sleep cycle was the result of interactions between aminergic REM-off cells and cholinergic REM-on cells.^[5] This was perceived as the activation-synthesis model, stating that brain activation during REM sleep results in synthesis of dream creation.^[1] Hobson\'s five cardinal characteristics include: intense emotions, illogical content, apparent sensory impressions, uncritical acceptance of dream events, and difficulty in being remembered.^[6]

  Current model – AIM[edit]

  Thanks to the development of technology since the original proposal, new experimental data has been collected and additional mechanistic details of neuronal control have been developed. It has been determined that consciousness states can be described with three values, and the AIM model is a model that uses these values for representing the similarities and differences between waking and dreaming. It is a three-dimensional state-space model that describes different states of the brain and their variance throughout the day and night. It is composed of three different values: A – activation, I – input-output gating, and M – modulation. The model is limited however, in that it cannot yet explain the regional differences in brain activity that distinguish REM sleep from waking. Other limitations include the inability to quantifiably identify and measure M in humans. During waking and activation of primary and secondary consciousnesses, high values of A, I, and M have been observed, but during REM sleep high values of A but low I and M have been observed.^[1]

  Protoconsciousness[edit]

  The protoconsciousness is template of consciousness that occurs during sleep, and on which can be constructed other mental conscious processes. Early in childhood, it has been said that this protoconsciousness is where secondary aspects of consciousness are originally developed and tested by the primary consciousness, and the person can slowly develop increased secondary consciousness throughout their life as their protoconscious template is further expanded, developed, and creates more vivid ideas and representations of secondary consciousness.

  Activation (A)[edit]

  Large parts of the brain that are activated and sending signals during waking are inactive during NREM sleep and become reactivated during REM sleep. It is based on the fact that the brain and its neural circuitry is plastic and self-regulating, especially in its own activation and inactivation. This was observed by two experiments: development of sleepiness after dopamine neuron destruction in substantia nigra in the midbrain, and discovery of the reticular activating system, which are visual cues received through our eyes and to our brain that begin the waking process, that waking consciousness depends sleep.^[7][8] Following these studies, it became clear that activity levels and quality of consciousness were functions of brain activation and deactivation.^[1]

  Input-output gating (I)[edit]

  It has been shown that the internal activation of the brain is associated with the inhibition of both external sensory input and motor output.^[1] This implies that the brain is actively kept offline during REM, and the brainstem guarantees the coordination of factors I and A via the input-output gate control within the brainstem.^[9] PGO waves play a part in the ability of the brain to remain asleep while constituting the building blocks for perception and fine motor control via their phasic coordination.^[10] It has therefore been proposed that PGO signals are used in the construction of visual imagery of dreams.^[11]

  Modulation (M)[edit]

  The neuromodulator release of aminergic neurons have a broad chemical influence on the brain; they instruct other neurons to keep or discard a record of information they\'ve processed.^[12] The mechanics of modulation are not known at this time, and modulation has yet to be quantitatively identified. Qualitatively, aminergic modulation has been shown to be strong during waking but lower during sleep, but more studies need to be conducted. Numerous studies have emerged from the discipline of computational neuroscience that support to the AIM model. The theory of Metalearning in particular describes how these neuromodulators facilitate dynamic learning,^[13] though a series of interpretive models all consistent with the AIM model.

  Implications[edit]

  The three-dimensional AIM model shows that during the cycle of brain states waking-NREM-REM, the brain is dynamically changing constantly, and that this state space described by the AIM has an infinite number of subregions other than the main three.^[14] It proposes that via a protoconsciousness brain activation during sleep is necessary for the development and maintenance of waking consciousness and other higher-order brain functions such as problem solving. It suggests the possibility that the state of waking consciousness is only present in humans due to the evolution of extensive cortical structures within the brain.^[1] Dreaming is a state of the brain that is similar to yet different from the waking consciousness, and interaction and correlation between the two is necessary for optimal performance from both. One study conducted measuring brain activity via EEG used Hobson\'s AIM model to show that quantitatively dream consciousness is remarkably similar to waking consciousness.^[15]

  References[edit]

  1. ^ ^{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuv}Hobson, J. Allan (2010). \'REM sleep and dreaming: Towards a theory of protoconsciousness\'. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 10 (11): 803–13. doi:10.1038/nrn2716. PMID19794431.
  2. ^Singer, Jerome L.; Antrobus, JS (1965). \'Eye Movements During Fantasies: Imagining and Suppressing Fantasies\'. Archives of General Psychiatry. 12: 71–6. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01720310073009. PMID14221693.
  3. ^ ^abAllison, T.; Van Twyer, H. (1970). \'The evolution of Sleep\'. Natural History. 79: 56–65.
  4. ^Gott, Jarrod A.; Liley, David T. J.; Hobson, J. Allan (2017). \'Towards a Functional Understanding of PGO Waves\'. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 11. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00089. PMC5334507.
  5. ^McCarley, R.; Hobson, J. (1975). \'Neuronal excitability modulation over the sleep cycle: A structural and mathematical model\'. Science. 189 (4196): 58–60. Bibcode:1975Sci..189..58M. doi:10.1126/science.1135627. PMID1135627.
  6. ^Baruss, Imants (2003). Alterations of Consciousness. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. p. 80.
  7. ^von Economo, C. (1930). \'Sleep as a problem of localization\'. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease. 71 (3): 249–59. doi:10.1097/00005053-193003000-00001.
  8. ^Moruzzi, G.; Magoun, H.W. (1949). \'Brain stem reticular formation and activation of the EEG\'. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 1 (4): 455–73. doi:10.1016/0013-4694(49)90219-9. PMID18421835.
  9. ^Pompeiano, O (1967). \'The neurophysiological mechanisms of the postrual and motor events during desynchronized sleep\'. In Kety, Seymour S; Evarts, Edward V; Williams, Harold L (eds.). Sleep and altered states of consciousness. Research Publications - Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease. 45. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins. pp. 351–423. OCLC152543313. PMID4867152.
  10. ^Hobson, J. Allan; Pace-Schott, Edward F.; Stickgold, Robert (2000). \'Dreaming and the brain: Toward a cognitive neuroscience of conscious states\'. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 23 (6): 793–842, discussion 904–1121. doi:10.1017/S0140525X00003976. PMID11515143.
  11. ^Hobson, J. Allan; McCarley, Robert W. (1977). \'The Brain as A Dream State Generator: An Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis of the Dream Process\'. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 134 (12): 1335–48. doi:10.1176/ajp.134.12.1335. PMID21570.
  12. ^Cooper, J.R.; Bloom, F.E.; Roth, R.H. (1996). The biochemical basis of Neuropharmacology (7th ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.^{[page needed]}
  13. ^Doya, K. (2002). \'Metalearning and neuromodulation\'. Neural Networks. 15 (4–6): 495–506. doi:10.1016/S0893-6080(02)00044-8.
  14. ^Voss, U; Holzmann, R; Tuin, I; Hobson, JA (2009). \'Lucid dreaming: A state of consciousness with features of both waking and non-lucid dreaming\'. Sleep. 32 (9): 1191–200. doi:10.1093/sleep/32.9.1191. PMC2737577. PMID19750924.
  15. ^Nir, Yuval; Tononi, Giulio (2010). \'Dreaming and the brain: From phenomenology to neurophysiology\'. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 14 (2): 88–100. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.12.001. PMC2814941. PMID20079677.
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  ...'>The Activation Information Mode Model(22.05.2020)